n retinitis pigmentosa the peripheral or extramacular portions
of the retina are subject to a pigmentary degeneration that renders
them insensitive to light, and patients so afflicted are consequently
incapable of seeing at night as well as others. They stumble and run
against objects easily seen by the normal eye.

Snow-blindness occurs from prolonged exposure of the eyes to snow upon
which the sun is shining. Some years ago, some seventy laborers, who
were clearing away snow-drifts in the Caucasus, were seized, and thirty
of them could not find their way home, so great was the photophobia,
conjunctivitis, and lacrimation. Graddy reports six cases, and many
others are constantly occurring.

Other forms of retinal injury from too great or too prolonged exposure
to light are "moon-blindness," due to sleeping with the eyes exposed to
bright moonlight, and that due to lightning--a case, e.g., being
reported by Knies. Silex also reports such a case and reviews the
reported cases, 25 in number, in ten of which cataract ensued. In the
Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1888, there is a report of
seven cases of retinal injury with central scotoma, amblyopia, etc., in
Japanese medical students, caused by observation of the sun in eclipse.

In discussing the question of electric-light injuries of the eyes Gould
reviews the literature of the subject and epitomizes the cases reported
up to that time. They numbered 23. No patient was seriously or
permanently injured, and none was in a person who used the electric
light in a proper manner as an illuminant. All were in scientific
investigators or workmen about the light, who approached it too closely
or gazed at it too long and without the colored protecting spectacles
now found necessary by such workers.

Injuries to the Ear.--The folly of the practice of boxing children's
ears, and the possible disastrous results subsequent to this
punishment, are well exemplified throughout medical literature. Stewart
quotes four cases of rupture of the tympanum from boxing the ears, and
there is an instance of a boy of eight, who was boxed on the ear at
school, in whom subsequent brain-disease developed early, and death
followed. Roosa of New York mentions the loss of hearing following a
kiss on the ear.

Dalby, in a paper citing many different causes of rupture of the
tympanic membrane, mentions the following: A blow in sparring; violent
sneezing; blowing the nose; forcible dilatati