e the
conception of ethics as an organic whole of interrelated members: a
conception it would be impossible to present in any other form without
entering upon metaphysical inquiries altogether foreign to the practical
purpose of the book.

PRACTICAL ETHICS.

CHAPTER I.

Food and Drink.

The foundations of life, and therefore the first concerns of conduct,
are food and drink. Other things are essential if we are to live
comfortably and honorably. Food and drink are essential if we are to
live at all. In order that we may not neglect these important objects,
nature has placed on guard over the body two sentinels, hunger and
thirst, to warn us whenever fresh supplies of food and drink are needed.

THE DUTY.

+Body and mind to be kept in good working order.+--In response to these
warnings it is our duty to eat and drink such things, in such
quantities, at such times, and in such ways as will render the body the
most efficient organ and expression of the mind and will.

Hygiene and physiology, and our own experience and common sense, tell us
in detail what, when, and how much it is best for us to eat and drink.
Ethics presupposes this knowledge, and simply tells us that these laws
of hygiene and physiology are our best friends; and that it is our duty
to heed what they say.

THE VIRTUE.

+Temperance is self-control.+--These sentinels tell us when to begin;
but they do not always tell us when to leave off: and if they do, it
sometimes requires special effort to heed the warning that they give.
The appetite for food and drink, if left to itself, would run away with
us. Our liking for what tastes good, if allowed to have its own way,
would lead us to eat and drink such things and in such quantities as to
weaken our stomachs, enfeeble our muscles, muddle our brains, impair our
health, and shorten our lives. Temperance puts bits into the mouth of
appetite; holds a tight rein over it; compels it to go, not where it
pleases to take us, but where we see that it is best for us to go; and
trains it to stop when it has gone far enough.

Virtue means manliness. Temperance is a virtue because it calls into
play that strong, firm will which is the most manly thing in us. The
temperate man is the strong man. For he is the master, not the slave of
his appetites. He is lord of his own life.

THE REWARD.

+The temperate man has all his powers perpetually at their best.+--Into
work or play or study he enter