ry the Russian
batteries there at the point of the bayonet.

But they did not succeed. They were received so hotly by the Russians
that, after an obstinate contest, they were forced to retreat. They
endeavored to get back to their boats, but were pursued by the Russians;
and now, as their backs were turned, they could no longer defend
themselves, and a great many were killed. Even those that were not
killed did not all succeed in making their escape. A considerable
number, finding that they should not be able to get to the boats, threw
down their arms, and surrendered themselves prisoners; and then, of
course, the boats which they belonged to were taken. Five of the boats
thus fell into the hands of the Russians. The others were rowed back
with all speed to the ships, and then the ships withdrew. Thus the
attempt failed entirely. The admiral reported the ill success of his
expedition to the king, and not long afterward another similar attempt
was made, but with no better success than before.

The new city was now considered as firmly established, and from this time
it advanced very rapidly in wealth and population. Peter gave great
encouragement to foreign mechanics and artisans to come and settle in the
town, offering to some lands, to others houses, and to others high wages
for their work. The nobles built elegant mansions there in the streets
set apart for them, and many public buildings of great splendor were
planned and commenced. The business of building ships, too, was
introduced on an extended scale. The situation was very favorable for
this purpose, as the shores of the river afforded excellent sites for
dock-yards, and the timber required could be supplied in great quantities
from the shores of Lake Ladoga.

In a very few years after the first foundation of the city, Peter began
to establish literary and scientific institutions there. Many of these
institutions have since become greatly renowned, and they contribute a
large share, at the present day, to the _eclat_ which surrounds this
celebrated city, and which makes it one of the most splendid and renowned
of the European capitals.

[1] See map on page 221.

CHAPTER XII.

THE REVOLT OF MAZEPPA.

1708

Progress of the war--Peter's fleet--The King of Sweden's
successes--Peter wishes to make peace--The reply--Plan changed--Mazeppa
and the Cossacks--Plans for reforming the Cossacks--Mazeppa opposes
them--The quarrel--Mazeppa's t