07] Imitating the sound of the thing signified. Poe's
"Raven" has much of this character.

[08] [over-dot]c, perfect pause; c[mid-dot], short; c., shortest;
breathings: [reverse-apostrophe] hard; ' soft.

VIII

FORMATION OF THE SCALE--NOTATION

In comparing the Ambrosian chant with that of Gregory, it
may be said that we have touched upon the vital principle of
modern music. The novelty in the Gregorian chant consisted in
its absolute emancipation from the tyranny of actual words
and declamation; while the idea, the poetic principle, or
religious ecstasy still remained the ideal to be expressed in
the music. Before this, as already explained, music was either
a mathematical problem, a rhythm to mark the time in dancing,
or a vehicle serving for the display of clever _tours de force_,
the music of the tragedies being merely a kind of melodious
declamation. To quote Goethe, "having recognized the fact,
it still remains for us to see how it developed." Let us now
consider this point.

Three things were necessary before these Gregorian chants
could develop at all: (1) A simple, clean-cut musical scale
or systematized table of musical sounds. (2) Some definite
manner of symbolizing sounds, so that they could be accurately
expressed in writing. (3) A cultivation of the sense of
hearing, in order that mankind might learn to distinguish
between sounds that are discordant and those that sound well
together; in other words, harmony.

We will begin with the scale, and review what we know of the
Greek modes in order to show how they were amalgamated into
our present octave system of scales.

[Tetrachords /------|-----\ /-------|--------\ ]
[ F: b, c d e f g a G: b c' d' e' f' g' a']
[Mixolydian \--+-+-+-+-+-+----/ | | | | | | ]
[Lydian \-+-+-+-+-+------/ | | | | | ]
[Phrygian \-+-+-+-+---------/ | | | | ]
[Dorian \-+-+-+------------/ | | | ]
[Hypolydian \-+-+---------------/ | | ]
[Hypophrygian \-+------------------/ | ]
[Aeolian or Locrian or Hypodorian \---------------------/ ]
[Notes labelled from highest to lowest: Nete, Paranete, Trite,
Nete, Paranete, Trite, Paramese, Mese, Lichanos, Parhypate,
Hypate, Lichanos, Parhypate, Hypate, [F: a,] Proslambanomenos.]

Under Ambrose and Pope Gregory, these modes had taken a
different f