otor vehicles 18%, consumer
electronics 10%)
partners:
Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%,
Middle East 3%
Imports:
$232.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
manufactures 44%, fossil fuels 33%, foodstuffs and raw materials 23%
partners:
Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, former
Communist countries and China 8%
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate -6.0% (1992); accounts for 30% of GDP
Electricity:
196,000,000 kW capacity; 835,000 million kWh produced, 6,700 kWh per capita
(1992)
Industries:
steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment, construction
and mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronic and
telecommunication equipment and components, machine tools and automated
production systems, locomotives and railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding,
chemicals, textiles, food processing

*Japan, Economy

Agriculture:
accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with
crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets,
vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs;
about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn,
soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991
Economic aid:
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1
billion in 1990 (est.)
Currency:
1 yen (Y) = 100 sen
Exchange rates:
yen (Y) per US$1 - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991),
144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

*Japan, Communications

Railroads:
27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km
predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack
sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km
1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)
Highways:
1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or
unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539
km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 km
other
Inland waterways:
about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas
Pipelines:
crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km
Ports:
Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, T