ea to decide upon the orthodoxy of the
teachings of Arius of Alexandria.

Constantine's successors followed his example of summoning church councils
to settle sectarian controversies, though, unlike him, many of them sought
to force upon the church the doctrines of their particular sect. As the
general councils accentuated rather than allayed antagonisms, the eastern
emperor Zeno substituted a referendum of the bishops by provinces. But
this precedent was not followed. Justinian was the emperor who asserted
most effectively his authority over the church. He issued edicts upon
purely theological questions and upon matters of church discipline without
reference to church councils, and he received from the populace of
Constantinople the salutation of "High Priest and King."(18) The decision
of the council of 553 provoked an attack upon the sacerdotal power of the
emperor by Facundus, bishop of Hermiana in Africa, who declared that not
the emperor but the priests should rule the church. Nevertheless, this
opposition had no immediate effect, and Justinian remained the successful
embodiment of "Caesaro-papism."

*The growth of the papacy.* The late empire witnessed a rapid extension of
the authority of the bishopric of Rome, which had even previously laid
claim to the primacy among the episcopal sees. In the West the title
"pope" (from the Greek _pappas_, "father") became the exclusive
prerogative of the bishop of Rome. The papacy was the sole western
patriarchate, or bishopric, with jurisdiction over the metropolitan and
provincial bishops, and was the sole representative of the western church
in its dealings with the bishops of the East. At the council of Serdica
(343 A. D.) it was decided that bishops deposed as a result of the Arian
controversy might refer their cases to the Pope Julius for final decision,
and, in the course of the fifth century, eastern bishops frequently
appealed to the decision of the pope on questions of orthodoxy. However,
the eastern church never fully admitted the religious jurisdiction of the
papacy. The ideal of the papacy became the organization of the church on
the model of the empire, with the pope as its religious head.

The claims of the papacy were pushed with vigor by Innocent I (402-417
A. D.) and Leo I (440-461 A. D.). The latter laid particular stress upon
the primacy of Peter among the Apostles and taught that this had descended
to his apostolic successors. It was Leo also who induced