ation of a
code of the Gothic customary law in imitation of the imperial Theodosian
code.

The settlement of the Goths on the land took the form of _hospitium_ or
quartering. By this arrangement the Roman landholders gave up to the Goths
two thirds of their property, both the land itself and the cattle,
_coloni_ and slaves which were on it. The shares which the Goths received
were not subject to taxation.

For the purposes of administration the Roman provincial and municipal
divisions were retained (_provinciae_ and _civitates_), the former being
placed under _duces_ and the latter under _comites civitatum_. The Goths
settled within these districts formed their national associations of tens,
hundreds, and thousands, under native Gothic officers. But the adoption of
a more settled form of life deeply affected the Gothic tribal
institutions. The Gothic national assembly could no longer be easily
called together and came to exist in the form of the army alone. In the
division of the land the more influential warriors and friends of the king
received the larger shares and this helped the rise of a landed nobility.
The government was concentrated at the capital, Toulouse, where central
ministries were established modelled on those of the Roman court. This led
to a considerable strengthening of the royal power. The language of
government remained Gothic for the Goths and Latin for the Romans, but the
leading Goths appear to have been familiar with both tongues.

*Under the Vandals.* In the Vandal kingdom of Africa the position of the
Romans was much less favorable. They were treated as conquered subjects,
and, as under the Goths, intermarriage between them and the conquering
race was prohibited. In the province of Zeugitana (old Africa), where the
Vandal settlement occurred, the Roman landowners were completely
dispossessed and their estates turned over to new proprietors. The
_coloni_ and other tenants, however, remained on the soil, and the Vandal
landlords entrusted the management of their properties to Roman stewards.
Elsewhere the Romans were undisturbed in their possessions.

The Roman administrative territorial divisions were retained, but the
regions settled by the Vandals stood outside of these and had a separate
organization. Here the Vandals preserved their tribal divisions of
hundreds and thousands. The administration of justice for the Vandals was
in the hands of their own officials and according to their cust