river, canals dug expressly for the purpose conveyed the
transport boats to the foot of the cliffs. When water transit was out of
the question, the stone was placed on sledges drawn by oxen (fig. 51), or
dragged to its destination by gangs of labourers, and by the help of
rollers.

[Illustration: Fig. 51.--Bas-relief from one of the stelae of Ahmes, at
Turrah, Eighteenth Dynasty.]

[4] The bas-relief sculpture from which the illustration, fig. 42, is taken
(outer wall of Hypostyle Hall, Karnak, north end) represents Seti I.
returning in triumph from one of his Syrian campaigns. He is met at
Zaru by the great officers of his court, who bring bouquets of lotus-
blossoms in their hands. Pithom and other frontier forts are depicted
in this tableau, and Pithom is apparently not very far from Zaru.
Zaru, Zalu, is the Selle of the Roman Itineraries.--A.B.E.

[5] See _The Store City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus,_ by Ed.
Naville, with 13 Plates and 2 Maps; published by the Egypt Exploration
Fund. First edition 1885, second edition 1885. Truebner & Co., London.
--A.B.E.

[6] For an account of the explorations at Daphnae (the "Tahpanhes" of the
Bible, the _Tell Defenneh_ of the present day) see Mr. Petrie's
memoir, entitled _Tanis, Part II, (including Nebesheh, Gemayemi,
Defenneh, etc.)_, published by the Egypt Exploration Fund.--A.B.E.

[7] The remains of this gigantic work may yet be seen about two hours'
distance to the southward of Medum. See Herodotus, book II.; chap.
99.--A.B.E.

[8] See _The Fayum and Lake Moeris_. Major R.H. Brown, R.E.

[9] Officially, this temple is attributed to Thothmes III., and the
dedicatory inscription dates from the first year of his reign; but the
work was really that of his aunt and predecessor, Queen Hatshepsut.

[10] See also an exact reduction of this design, to scale, in Mr. Petrie's
work _A Season in Egypt_, 1887, Plate XXV.

[11] Chenoboscion.--A.B.E.

CHAPTER II.

_RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE_.

In the civil and military architecture of Ancient Egypt brick played the
principal part; but in the religious architecture of the nation it occupied
a very secondary position. The Pharaohs were ambitious of building eternal
dwellings for their deities, and stone was the only material which seemed
sufficiently durable to withstand the ravages of time and man.

I.--MATERIALS AND PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTI