of the
world, to him came not. The sole domestic animal he uses, the dog, is
not the same with that creature as known elsewhere; he has domesticated
a wolf, and made a dog for himself.

Not only is he original, but one of the most special of men, related
more strictly than almost any other to a particular aspect of Nature.
Inseparable from the extreme North, the sea-shore, and the seal, he is
himself, as it were, a seal come to feet and hands, and preying upon his
more primitive kindred. The cetacean of the land, he is localized, like
animals,--not universal, like civilized man. He is no inhabitant of the
globe as a whole, but is contained within special poles. His needle does
not point north and south; it is commanded by special attractions, and
points only from shore to sea and from sea to shore in the arctic zone.
Nor is this relation to particular phases of Nature superficial merely,
a relation of expedient and convenience; it penetrates, saturates, nay,
anticipates and moulds him. Whether he has come to this correspondence
by original creation or by slow adjustment, he certainly does now
correspond in his whole physical and mental structure to the limited and
special surroundings of his life,--the seal itself or the eider-duck not
more.

He is pre-Adamite, I said,--and name him thus not as a piece of
rhetorical smartness, but in gravest characterization.

The first of human epochs is that when the thoughts, imaginations,
beliefs of men become to them _objects_, on which further thought and
action are to be adjusted, on which further thought and action may be
based. So long as man is merely responding to outward and physical
circumstances, so long he is living by bread alone, and has no history.
It is when he begins to respond _to himself_--to create necessities and
supplies out of his own spirit,--to build architectures on foundations
and out of materials that exist only in virtue of his own spiritual
activity,--to live by bread which grows, not out of the soil, but out of
the soul,--it is then, then only, that history begins. This one may be
permitted to name the Adamite epoch.

The Esquimaux belongs to that period, more primitive, when man is simply
responding to outward Nature, to physical necessities. He invents, but
does not create; he adjusts himself to circumstances, but not to ideas;
he works cunningly upon materials which he has _found_, but never on
material which owes its existence to the productive