the case of the similar crisis in Yun-nan, they undertook the task with
sturdy deliberation. They borrowed money--L1,600,000--for the expenses
of the expedition, this being the first appearance of China as a
borrower in the foreign markets, and appointed the viceroy, Tso
Tsung-t'ang, commander-in-chief. By degrees the emperor's authority was
established from the confines of Kan-suh to Kashgar and Yarkand, and
Chinese garrisons were stationed in touch with the Russian outpost in
the region of the Pamirs (December 1877). Russia was now called upon to
restore Kulja, China being in a position to maintain order. China
despatched Chung-how, a Manchu of the highest rank, who had been
notoriously concerned in the Tientsin massacre of 1870, to St Petersburg
to negotiate a settlement. After some months of discussion a document
was signed (September 1879), termed the treaty of Livadia, whereby China
recovered, not indeed the whole, but a considerable portion of the
territory, on her paying to Russia five million roubles as the cost of
occupation. The treaty was, however, received with a storm of
indignation in China. Memorials poured in from all sides denouncing the
treaty and its author. Foremost among these was one by Chang Chih-tung,
who afterwards became the most distinguished of the viceroys, and
governor-general of Hu-peh and Hu-nan provinces. Prince Chun, the
emperor's father, came into prominence at this juncture as an advocate
for war, and under these combined influences the unfortunate Chung-how
was tried and condemned to death (3rd of March 1880). For some months
warlike preparations went on, and the outbreak of hostilities was
imminent. In the end, however, calmer counsels prevailed. It was decided
to send the Marquis Tseng, who in the meantime had become minister in
London, to Russia to negotiate. A new treaty which still left Russia in
possession of part of the Ili valley was ratified on the 19th of August
1881. The Chinese government could now contemplate the almost complete
recovery of the whole extensive dominions which had at any time owned
the imperial sway. The regions directly administered by the officers of
the emperor extended from the borders of Siberia on the north to Annam
and Burma on the south, and from the Pacific Ocean on the east to
Kashgar and Yarkand on the west. There was also a fringe of tributary
nations which still kept up the ancient forms of allegiance, and which
more or less acknowledged the