ny cases there is a sub-classification under the general
designation. We avoided an error into which many writers fall--we
never indexed under the lead of an adjective, article or participle.

FRENCH AND AMERICAN CLAIM COMMISSION, 1880

In 1880, Mr. Evarts, the Secretary of State, invited me to act as
counsel for the Government in defence of the claims of French citizens
for losses sustained during the Civil War. There were more than
seven hundred cases and the claims amounted to more than thirty-five
million dollars including interest. The recoveries fell below six
hundred and thirty thousand dollars. The printed record covered sixty
thousand pages, and my printed arguments filled about two thousand
pages. The discussion and decisions involved many important questions
of international law, citizenship, the construction of treaties, and
the laws of war.

The chairman was Baron de Arinos. He was a man of unassuming manners,
of great intelligence, and of extensive acquaintance with diplomatic
subjects. He was reserved, usually, but he was never lacking in ability
when a subject had received full consideration at his hands. As far as
I recall his decisions, when he had to dispose of cases on which the
French and American commissioners differed, I cannot name one which
appeared to be unjust.

The insignificant sum awarded was due to many circumstances. Of those,
who as French citizens had suffered losses during the war, many had
become American citizens by naturalization. Again others were natives
of Alsace and Lorraine, and the commission held that they were not
entitled to the protection of France in 1880 when the treaty was made.
But the losses were chiefly due to the absence of adequate evidence as
to the ownership of the property for which claims were made, and to the
enormous exaggerations as to values in which the claimants indulged.

COURTS-MARTIAL

Between the year 1880 and the year 1895 there were five general courts-
martial held in the city of Washington and I appeared for the defendants
in four of them.

I was also retained for the investigation of two cases of officers of
the Navy who had been convicted by courts-martial, one of them held in
the waters of China and the other on the coast of Brazil. The latter,
the case of Reed, which may be found in volume 100 of the United States
Reports, became important as the first attempt by the Supreme Court to
define and limit the jurisdiction of the