c, ibid., p.20.--"The present burgomaster in
Bonn was burgomaster at Muenchens-Gladbach, before being called to Bonn.
The present burgomaster of Crefeld came from Silesia.... A lawyer, well
known for his works on public law, occupying a government position
at Magdeburg," was recently called "to the lucrative position of
burgomaster" in the town of Muenster. At Bonn, a town of 30,000
inhabitants, "everything rests on his shoulders he exercises a great
many of the functions which, with us, belong to the prefect."]

[Footnote 4231: Max Leclerc, ibid., p. 25.--Alongside of the paid town
officers and the municipal councilors, there are special committees
composed of benevolent members and electors "either to administer
or superintend some branch of communal business, or to study some
particular question." "These committees, subject, moreover, in
all respects to the burgomaster, are elected by the municipal
council."--There are twelve of these in Bonn and over a hundred in
Berlin. This institution serves admirably for rendering those who
are well disposed useful, as well as for the development of local
patriotism, a practical sense and public spirit.]

[Footnote 4232: Aucoc, p. 283.]

[Footnote 4233: Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, "L'administrateur locale en France
et en Angleterre," pp.26, 28, 92. (Decrees of March 25, 1852, and April
13, 1861.)]

[Footnote 4234: J. Ferrand, ibid., p. 169, 170 (Paris, 1879): "In many
cases, general tutelage and local tutelage are paralyzed.... Since
1870-1876 the mayors, to lessen the difficulties of their task, are
frequently forced to abandon any rightful authority; the prefects are
induced to tolerate, to approve of these infractions of the law....
For many years one cannot read the minutes of a session of the council
general or of the municipal council without finding numerous examples of
the illegality we report.... In another order of facts, for example in
that which relates to the official staff, do we not see every day agents
of the state, even conscientious, yield to the will of all-powerful
political notabilities and entirely abandon the interests of the
service?"--These abuses have largely increased within the past ten
years.]

[Footnote 4235: See "La Republique et les conservateurs," in the Revue
des Deux Mondes of March 1, 189?, p.108.--"I speak of this de visu
from experience, (SR.): I take my own arrondissement. It is
in one of the eastern departments, lately represented by radica