................................. 267

74. Small Holdings......................................... 269

75. Government Sanitary Control............................ 271

76. Industries Carried on by Government.................... 273

77. Bibliography........................................... 276

CHAPTER X

The Extension Of Voluntary Association

_Trade Unions, Trusts, and Cooeperation_

78. The Rise of Trade Unions............................... 277

79. Opposition of the Law and of Public Opinion. The
Combination Acts....................................... 279

80. Legalization and Popular Acceptance of Trade Unions.... 281

81. The Growth of Trade Unions............................. 288

82. Federation of Trade Unions............................. 289

83. Employers' Organizations............................... 293

84. Trusts and Trade Combinations.......................... 294

85. Cooeperation in Distribution............................ 295

86. Cooeperation in Production.............................. 300

87. Cooeperation in Farming................................. 302

88. Cooeperation in Credit.................................. 306

89. Profit Sharing......................................... 307

90. Socialism.............................................. 310

91. Bibliography........................................... 311

An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of
England

INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND

CHAPTER I

GROWTH OF THE NATION

To The Middle Of The Fourteenth Century

*1. The Geography of England.*--The British Isles lie northwest of the
Continent of Europe. They are separated from it by the Channel and the
North Sea, at the narrowest only twenty miles wide, and at the
broadest not more than three hundred.

The greatest length of England from north to south is three hundred
and sixty-five miles, and its greatest breadth some two hundred and
eighty miles. Its area, with Wales, is 58,320 square miles, being
somewhat more than one-quarter the size of France or of Germany, just
one-half the size of Italy, and somewhat larger than either
Pennsylvania or New York.

The backbone of the island is near the western coast, and consists of
a body of hard granitic and volcanic rock rising into mountains of two
or three thousand feet in height. These do not form one continuous
chain but ar