l as public alliance with that monarch, and concerted
all measures for their mutual defence. He even employed arguments, by
which he believed he had persuaded Francis to imitate his example in
withdrawing his obedience from the bishop of Rome, and administering
ecclesiastical affairs without having further recourse to that see. And
being now fully determined in his own mind, as well as resolute to stand
all consequences, he privately celebrated his marriage with Anne Boleyn,
whom he had previously created marchioness of Pembroke. Rouland Lee,
soon after raised to the bishopric of Coventry, officiated at the
marriage. The duke of Norfolk, uncle to the new queen, her father,
mother, and brother, together with Dr. Cranmer, were present at the
ceremony.[*]

* Herbert, p. 340, 341.

Anne became pregnant soon after her marriage, and this event both gave
great satisfaction to the king, and was regarded by the people as a
strong proof of the queen's former modesty and virtue.

{1533.} The parliament was again assembled; and Henry, in conjunction
with the great council of the nation, proceeded still in those gradual
and secure steps, by which they loosened their connections with the see
of Rome, and repressed the usurpations of the Roman pontiff. An act
was made against all appeals to Rome in causes of matrimony, divorces,
wills, and other suits cognizable in ecclesiastical courts; appeals
esteemed dishonorable to the kingdom, by subjecting it to a foreign
jurisdiction; and found to be very vexatious by the expense and the
delay of justice which necessarily attended them.[*] The more to show
his disregard to the pope, Henry, finding the new queen's pregnancy to
advance, publicly owned his marriage; and in order to remove all doubts
with regard to its lawfulness, he prepared measures for declaring, by
a formal sentence, the invalidity of his marriage with Catharine;
a sentence which ought naturally to have preceded his espousing of
Anne.[**]

The king, even amidst his scruples and remorses on account of his first
marriage, had always treated Catharine with respect and distinction; and
he endeavored, by every soft and persuasive art, to engage her to depart
from her appeal to Rome, and her opposition to his divorce. Finding
her obstinate in maintaining the justice of her cause, he had totally
forborne all visits and intercourse with her; and had desired her to
make choice of any one of his palaces, in which she should ple