ing
and bring success or disaster according to their will. They have come to
be looked upon as the guardians of the fields, and suitable offerings
are made to them at planting and harvest time.

[81] The Kulaman of Santa Cruz insist that each person has two
_kalaloa_, one on the right side and one on the left. At death the one
on the right side goes to a good place in the sky, where there is no
work and "thoughts come easy." The _kalaloa_ of the left side goes into
the ground to a poor place called Kilot. It is probable that the
neighboring Bagobo have influenced the beliefs of this group.

A few old men, _makating_, are thought to be able to address the spirits
with greater probability of success than the others; but they do not
stand in the same relation to the spirit world as do the _mabalian_ of
the Bagobo. The nearest approach to that class is a group of women known
as _lokEs_[82], who act as midwives and make use of roots and herbs in
curing sickness.

[82] In Santa Cruz known as _bagbabolan_ or _mananagamen_.

The people are warned of disaster or impending danger by various signs.
A snake crossing the trail is an imperative order for the traveler to
turn back; the call of the _limokon_[83] is likewise a warning, while
should one of the principals to any agreement sneeze during the
negotiations the project would be delayed or abandoned.

[83] See p. 63 note.

There is only slight development of beliefs and ceremonies in connection
with the cultivation of field crops, due probably to the recent adoption
of agriculture by the members of this tribe. A field is seldom planted
to rice for more than one season, after which the land is used for corn,
camotes, and the like, until the invasion of _cogon_ grass makes further
cultivation impossible.

As a result new land must be broken for each planting. When the
constellation _layag_ "a sail" and _balangay_ "a boat" appear in the
month of December, the people go to the desired plot, cut down the
trees, and when these are dry, fire them.

Before the planting can be begun the seed rice must be carried to the
center of the field where a bamboo pole, _talabinian_, and a stalk of
sugar-cane have previously been placed, as an offering to the _kalaloa_
who guard the land. Again at harvest time an offering of food is taken
to this spot and the spirits of the dead are besought as follows: "Do
not take our rice, but let it last for a long time, for now we give a
part to you