d be classed as a separate spirit.

In addition to these beings are the _kawE_, or shades of the dead, the
chiefs of whom are the people who created the earth. During life the
_kawE_ live in the body, but after death they go to the sky where they
remain the greater part of the time. They do return to earth at certain
seasons, to aid or injure the living, and it is usually one of their
number who keeps guard over the rice-fields. Certain persons known as
_balian_ can talk to these spirits and from them have learned the
ceremonies which the people should perform at certain seasons, and at
the critical periods of life. In the main these ceremonies are so
similar to those just described that it is useless to repeat. The
proceedings at a birth, marriage, or death are practically identical
with the Kulaman, as are also those at planting and harvest time. A
slight variation was noticed after the rice planting at Padada, when all
the workers placed their planting sticks on an offering of rice and then
poured water over them "so as to cause an abundance of rain." Another
difference is noticed following the death of a warrior. His knife lies
in its sheath beside the body for seven days and during that time can
only be drawn if it is to be used in sacrificing a slave. If such an
offering is made it is carried out in much the same way as the Bagobo
sacrifice, except that the bereaved father, son, or brother cuts the
body in halves.

If it is impossible to offer a slave, a palm leaf cup is filled with
water and is carried to the forest. Here the relatives dance and then
dip the knife and some sticks in the water for "this is the same as
dipping them in blood." Later they are carried back and hung up in the
house of mourning.

According to the long established custom, warriors must go to fight once
each year, when the moon is bright. Spears, fighting knives, bows and
arrows, sharpened bamboo sticks, and shields have long been used, and to
these several guns have been added in recent years.

The attack is from ambush and the victims are generally cut to pieces,
although women and children are sometimes taken captive. Tufts of hair
taken from the slain are attached to the shields of the warriors, and an
arm is carried back to the home town "so that the women and children can
cut it to pieces and become brave."

The foregoing account shows that the Kagan and Tagakaolo living on the
hemp plantations differ very little from their nei