EGATION OF CLIFF-HOUSE TRIBES.

[Illustration: FIG. 499.--Typical terraced communal pueblo.]

We may see, finally, how at last the canons proved too limited and in
other ways undesirable for occupation, the result of which was the
confederation of the scattered cliff-dwelling clans, and the
construction, first on the overhanging cliff-tops, then on _mesas_,
and farther and farther away, of great, many-storied towns, any one of
which was named, in consequence of the bringing together in it of many
houses and clans, _thlu el lon ne_, from _thlu a_, many springing up,
and _el lon a_, that which stands, or those which stand; in other
words, "many built standing together." This cannot be regarded as
referring to the simple fact that a village is necessarily composed of
many houses standing together. The name for any other village than a
communal pueblo is _ti na kwin ne_, from _ti na_--many sitting around,
and _kwin ne_, place of. This term is applied by the Zunis to all
villages save their own and those of ourselves, which latter they
regard as Pueblos, in their acceptation of the above native word.

Here, then, in strict accordance with, the teachings of myth,
folk-lore and tradition, I have used the linguistic argument as
briefest and most convincing in indicating the probable sequence of
architectural types in the evolution of the Pueblo; from the brush
lodge, of which only the name survives, to the recent and present
terraced, many-storied, communal structures, which we may find
throughout New Mexico, Arizona, and contiguous parts of the
neighboring Territories.[1]

[1] See for confirmation the last Annual Report to the
Archaeological Institute of America, by Adolph F. Bandelier, one
of the most indefatigable explorers and careful students of early
Spanish history in America.

POTTERY AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENT.

There is no other section of the United States where the potter's art
was so extensively practiced, or where it reached such a degree of
perfection, as within the limits of these ancient Pueblo regions. To
this statement not even the prolific valleys of the Mississippi and
its tributaries form an exception.

On examining a large and varied collection of this pottery, one would
naturally regard it either as the product of four distinct peoples or
as belonging to four different eras, with an inclination to the
chronologic division.

When we see the reasonable probability that the archit