n each one. The object of this exercise is to lead
unaccustomed hearers to note the actual musical idea--motive--instead
of remaining passively attentive, taking in the music by contemplation.
The latter attitude of hearing is the one best adapted for receiving
whatever emotional movement there may be in the music; but since the
larger works depend upon the development of musical ideas as such, it
is desirable to acquire the habit of attending to them. The passive
contemplation may be applied later to more emotional works. With Bach
the purely musical is the first object of his work.

CHAPTER III.

HAYDN AND MOZART.

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN.

Born April 1, 1732, at Rohrau.
Died May 31, 1809, in Vienna.

Haydn came of peasant stock, his father being a wheelwright, and the
little Franz Joseph the second of twelve children. At the age of eight
his beautiful voice attracted the attention of the director of the
choir of St. Stephen's Church in Vienna and he was entered as a choir
boy. Here he received a thorough training in singing, in clavier, and
violin playing, and also a good education. When his voice broke he
managed to sustain himself in an honorable way by various subordinate
positions as organist and violinist, playing the organ at an early mass
in one church, the violin at a mass an hour or two later in another
church, and finally, at eleven o'clock perhaps, reaching his principal
position. Thus for several years he passed an extremely industrious
and fruitful, but unrecognized, existence.

[Illustration: Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang A. Mozart]

As early as 1750 he had written his first string quintette, and soon
after he was twenty years of age he held various positions as musical
director in noblemen's houses. In 1761--Haydn being now twenty-nine
years of age--he was appointed assistant musical conductor of the
private orchestra of Prince Esterhazy. The orchestra consisted of
sixteen men. Five years later the senior director died, and Haydn
became the chief director and remained in this position until 1790,
when, in consequence of the death of the old Prince Esterhazy, his son
discontinued the private orchestra and dismissed Haydn upon a pension
of 1000 florins a year. He was now invited by a professional manager
to make a visit to England, which he did in 1790-92 and again in
1794-95, conducting many concerts there, and composing for the English
market a series of twelve symphonies for full o