the first time in the history of biological science that we have
stated in so scientific, broad, and modern form the essential
principles of evolution. Lamarck insists that time without limit and
favorable conditions are the two principal means or factors in the
production of plants and animals. Under the head of favorable conditions
he enumerates variations in climate, temperature, the action of the
environment, the diversity of local causes, change of habits, movement,
action, variation in means of living, of preservation of life, of means
of defence, and varying modes of reproduction. As the result of the
action of these different factors, the faculties of animals, developed
and strengthened by use, become diversified by the new habits, so that
by slow degrees the new structures and organs thus arising become
preserved and transmitted by heredity.

In this address it should be noticed that nothing is said of willing and
of internal feeling, which have been so much misunderstood and
ridiculed, or of the direct or indirect action of the environment. He
does speak of the bird as wishing to strike the water, but this,
liberally interpreted, is as much a physiological impulse as a mental
desire. No reference also is made to geographical isolation, a factor
which he afterwards briefly mentioned.

Although Lamarck does not mention the principle of selection, he refers
in the following way to competition, or at least to the checks on the
too rapid multiplication of the lower invertebrates:

"So were it not for the immense consumption as food which is made in
nature of animals which compose the lower orders of the animal
kingdom, these animals would soon overpower and perhaps destroy, by
their enormous numbers, the more highly organized and perfect
animals which compose the first classes and the first orders of this
kingdom, so great is the difference in the means and facility of
multiplying between the two.

"But nature has anticipated the dangerous effects of this vast power
of reproduction and multiplication. She has prevented it on the one
hand by considerably limiting the duration of life of these beings
so simply organized which compose the lower classes, and especially
the lowest orders of the animal kingdom. On the other hand, both by
making these animals the prey of each other, thus incessantly
reducing their numbers, and also by determining through the
diversity of climates the loc