in dreary monotony for Emma in Jefferson City and Berkman in
Atlanta. The war was fought and won, the millions of American soldiers
were back from Europe, and peace again prevailed over the earth. But to
conservatives the specter of Bolshevism had replaced the ogre of
Prussianism as the enemy of established society. In this country
Attorney-General Mitchell Palmer, a Quaker and God-fearing man, led the
manhunt against those who were suspected of sympathy with the Russian
Revolution. Thousands of men and women were made the victims of an
Anti-Red hysteria, and hundreds were deported as undesirable aliens.
When Emma and Berkman were released, they also became subject to
expulsion. Although she had long been a naturalized citizen by virtue of
her marriage to a citizen, the Department of Labor ruled otherwise. On
the night of December 21, 1919, the two rebels together with 247 other
undesirables were hurried aboard the ancient troopship _Buford_ for
passage to Russia.

Thirty years of struggle and suffering on this side of the Atlantic had
so Americanized Emma and Berkman that they could not think of themselves
as belonging to another country. The ignominy of expulsion and the loss
of their friends wounded them deeply. Yet they were comforted by the
thought of the adventure that lay ahead. As the battered _Buford_ plowed
its billowy way to the shores of Finland they reflected on the ironic
turn of events which had transformed Czarist Russia into a land of
revolution and converted the free United States into a citadel of
reaction. While still in jail they had approved the Bolshevik coup as a
necessary safeguard of the revolution. They believed that Lenin and his
fellow leaders, while Marxists and therefore advocates of a strong
centralized government, were devoted to the principles of freedom and
equality and therefore deserved the support of all workers and
libertarians. Now, outcasts from the capitalist stronghold, they longed
to join their Russian comrades in the defense of the revolution. When
she reached the Soviet border, Emma later wrote, "my heart trembled with
anticipation and fervent hope."

Dismay darkened their days throughout the twenty months of their sojourn
in Russia. Their official welcome quickly spent itself. They began to
look about for themselves, to speak privately with fellow anarchists,
and to seek explanations of events and practices not to their liking.
The twin demons of inefficiency and stupidity