hough he recognizes the advantages of monogamy, "as a
racial institution, among animals as among men, has many solid
and weighty considerations in its favor, and has resulted in
both human and pre-human times, in the production of a very high
type of both individual and social development." He points out
that it promotes intelligence, cooeperation, and division of
labor, while the keen competition for women weeds out the weaker
and less attractive males.

Among our European ancestors, alike among Germans and Celts,
polygyny and other sexual forms existed as occasional variations.
Tacitus noted polygyny in Germany, and Caesar found in Britain
that brothers would hold their wives in common, the children
being reckoned to the man to whom the woman had been first given
in marriage (see, e.g., Traill's _Social England_, vol. i, p.
103, for a discussion of this point). The husband's assistant,
also, who might be called in to impregnate the wife when the
husband was impotent, existed in Germany, and was indeed a
general Indo-Germanic institution (Schrader, _Reallexicon_, art.
"Zeugungshelfer"). The corresponding institution of the concubine
has been still more deeply rooted and widespread. Up to
comparatively modern times, indeed, in accordance with the
traditions of Roman law, the concubine held a recognized and
honorable position, below that of a wife but with definite legal
rights, though it was not always, or indeed usually, legal for a
married man to have a concubine. In ancient Wales, as well as in
Rome, the concubine was accepted and never despised (R.B. Holt,
"Marriage Laws of the Cymri," _Journal Anthropological
Institute_, Aug. and Nov., 1898, p. 155). The fact that when a
concubine entered the house of a married man her dignity and
legal position were less than those of the wife preserved
domestic peace and safeguarded the wife's interests. (A Korean
husband cannot take a concubine under his roof without his wife's
permission, but she rarely objects, and seems to enjoy the
companionship, says Louise Jordan Miln, _Quaint Korea_, 1895, p.
92.) In old Europe, we must remember, as Dufour points out in
speaking of the time of Charlemagne (_Histoire de la
Prostitution_, vol. iii, p. 226), "concubine" was an honorable
term; the concubine was by no means a mistress, and she cou