fe.

On the other hand, the immediate interest of the individual under the
competitive regime is best served by shrewd trading and unscrupulous
management. The characteristics named above as serving the interests
of the community are disserviceable to the individual, rather than
otherwise. The presence of these aptitudes in his make-up diverts his
energies to other ends than those of pecuniary gain; and also in
his pursuit of gain they lead him to seek gain by the indirect and
ineffectual channels of industry, rather than by a free and unfaltering
career of sharp practice. The industrial aptitudes are pretty
consistently a hindrance to the individual. Under the regime of
emulation the members of a modern industrial community are rivals, each
of whom will best attain his individual and immediate advantage if,
through an exceptional exemption from scruple, he is able serenely to
overreach and injure his fellows when the chance offers.

It has already been noticed that modern economic institutions fall into
two roughly distinct categories--the pecuniary and the industrial. The
like is true of employments. Under the former head are employments that
have to do with ownership or acquisition; under the latter head, those
that have to do with workmanship or production. As was found in speaking
of the growth of institutions, so with regard to employments.
The economic interests of the leisure class lie in the pecuniary
employments; those of the working classes lie in both classes of
employments, but chiefly in the industrial. Entrance to the leisure
class lies through the pecuniary employments.

These two classes of employment differ materially in respect of the
aptitudes required for each; and the training which they give similarly
follows two divergent lines. The discipline of the pecuniary employments
acts to conserve and to cultivate certain of the predatory aptitudes and
the predatory animus. It does this both by educating those individuals
and classes who are occupied with these employments and by selectively
repressing and eliminating those individuals and lines of descent that
are unfit in this respect. So far as men's habits of thought are shaped
by the competitive process of acquisition and tenure; so far as their
economic functions are comprised within the range of ownership of
wealth as conceived in terms of exchange value, and its management and
financiering through a permutation of values; so far their experience