, and who may therefore be said to make up the effective average
of the industrial community.

The ethnic composition of the European populations varies. In some
cases even the lower classes are in large measure made up of the
peace-disturbing dolicho-blond; while in others this ethnic element is
found chiefly among the hereditary leisure class. The fighting habit
seems to prevail to a less extent among the working-class boys in the
latter class of populations than among the boys of the upper classes or
among those of the populations first named.

If this generalization as to the temperament of the boy among the
working classes should be found true on a fuller and closer scrutiny of
the field, it would add force to the view that the bellicose temperament
is in some appreciable degree a race characteristic; it appears to
enter more largely into the make-up of the dominant, upper-class
ethnic type--the dolicho-blond--of the European countries than into the
subservient, lower-class types of man which are conceived to constitute
the body of the population of the same communities.

The case of the boy may seem not to bear seriously on the question of
the relative endowment of prowess with which the several classes of
society are gifted; but it is at least of some value as going to show
that this fighting impulse belongs to a more archaic temperament than
that possessed by the average adult man of the industrious classes. In
this, as in many other features of child life, the child reproduces,
temporarily and in miniature, some of the earlier phases of the
development of adult man. Under this interpretation, the boy's
predilection for exploit and for isolation of his own interest is to be
taken as a transient reversion to the human nature that is normal to the
early barbarian culture--the predatory culture proper. In this respect,
as in much else, the leisure-class and the delinquent-class character
shows a persistence into adult life of traits that are normal to
childhood and youth, and that are likewise normal or habitual to the
earlier stages of culture. Unless the difference is traceable entirely
to a fundamental difference between persistent ethnic types, the traits
that distinguish the swaggering delinquent and the punctilious gentleman
of leisure from the common crowd are, in some measure, marks of an
arrested spiritual development. They mark an immature phase, as compared
with the stage of development attained by the