and prevent any entanglement one with another. A pipe delivers
constantly a current of clean water, while another pipe carries away
the used water. Motion is given to the reels in this case by a donkey
engine attached to the machine, but it may also be driven by a belt
from the main driving shaft of the works. This machine is very
effective.

[Illustration: Fig. 26.--Cloth-washing Machine.]

#Piece Goods.#--Piece goods are mostly washed in machines, of which two
broad types may be recognised. First those where the pieces are dealt
with in the form of ropes or in a twisted form, and second those where
the pieces are washed while opened out full width. There are some
machines in which the cloths may be treated either in the open or rope
form as may be thought most desirable.

Figure 26 represents a fairly well-known machine in which the (p. 203)
pieces are treated in a rope-like form. It consists of a trough
in which a constant current of water is maintained; at one end of this
trough is a square beating roller, at the other a wood lattice roller,
above the square beater and out of the trough are a pair of rollers
whose purpose is to draw the cloth through the machine and also partly
to act as squeezing rollers. As will be seen the cloth is threaded in
rope form spirally round the rollers, passing in at one end and out at
the other, pegs in a guide rail serving to keep the various portions
separate. The square beater in its revolutions has a beating (p. 204)
action on the cloth, tending to more effectual washing. The lattice
roller is simply a guide roller.

[Illustration: Fig. 27.--Cloth-washing Machine.]

Figure 27 shows a washing machine very largely used in the wool-dyeing
trade. The principal portion of this machine is of wood.

The internal parts consist of a large wooden bowl, or oftener, as in
the machine under notice, of a pair of wooden bowls which are pressed
together by springs with some small degree of force. Between these
bowls the cloth is placed, more or less loosely twisted up in a rope
form, and the machines are made to take four, six or eight pieces or
lengths at one time, the ends of the pieces being stitched together so
as to make a continuous band. A pipe running along the front of the
machine conveys a constant current of clean water, which is caused to
impinge in the form of jets on the pieces of cloth as they run through
the machine, while an overflow carries away the used water.