sent a member in 1708, and Caithness,
Kinross, and Cromarty in 1710. The device is sufficiently unusual to
deserve mention. The burghs were divided into fifteen groups, each of
which was given one member. In this form, after considerable difficulty,
the act was carried both in Scotland and in England. It was a union much
less extensive than that which had been planned by James VI or that
which had been in actual force under Cromwell. The existence of a
separate Church, governed differently from the English Establishment,
and the maintenance of a separate legal code and a separate judicature
have helped to preserve some of the national characteristics of the
Scots. Not for many years did the union become popular in Scotland, and
not for many years did the two nations become really united. It might,
in fact, be said that the force of steam has accomplished what law has
failed to do, and that the real incorporation of Scotland with England
dates from the introduction of railways.

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES TO THE HIGHLANDERS IN MEDIAEVAL LITERATURE

~I. AELRED (12th Century)~

_Account of the Battle of the Standard_

"Rex interim, coactis in unum comitibus, optimisque regni sui
proceribus, coepit cum eis de belli ratione tractare, placuitque
plurimis, ut quotquot aderant armati milites et sagittarii cunctum
praeirent exercitum, quatenus armati armatos impeterent, milites
congrederentur militibus, sagittae sagittis obviarent. Restitere
Galwenses, dicentes sui esse juris primam construere aciem.... Cum
rex militum magis consiliis acquiescere videretur, Malisse comes
Stradarniae plurimum indignatus: 'Quid est,' inquit, 'o rex, quod
Gallorum te magis committis voluntati, cum nullus eorum cum armis
suis me inermem sit hodie praecessurus in bello?' ... Tunc rex ...
ne tumultus hac altercatione subitus nasceretur, Galwensium cessit
voluntati. Alteram aciem filius regis et milites sagittariique cum
eo, adjunctis sibi Cumbrensibus et Tevidalensibus cum magna
sagacitate constituit.... Conjunxerat se ei ejusque interfuit aciei
Eustacius filius Joannis de magnis proceribus Angliae ... qui a
rege Anglorum ideo recesserat.... Tertium cuneum Laodonenses cum
Insulanis et Lavernanis fecerunt. Rex in sua acie Scotos et
Muranenses retinuit, nonnullos etiam de militibus Anglis et Franci