state have taken the place thereof. Machiavellian principles are no
longer prevalent everywhere. The mutual intercourse of states is carried
on in reliance on the sacredness of treaties. Peaceable adjustment of
state disputes is in the interests of the states themselves, for war is
nowadays an immense moral and economic evil even for the victor state.
It may be that a state will decline to submit its cause to the
international tribunal because it thinks that its vital interests do not
allow such submission; but when, after weighing its interests, it has
once declared itself ready to appear before the court, it will also
accept the court's award. All other motives apart, the strong state will
do this, because its strength allows it to make voluntary submission to
the award, and the weak state will also do so because war would be
hopeless for it.

[Sidenote: Right of intervention by third states and war as _ultima
ratio_.]

66. If, however, in spite of all, it should happen that a state declined
such acceptance of an award, the powers who were not parties would have
and would use the right of intervention. For there can be no doubt of
the fact that all states which took part in the erection of an
international court would have a right to intervene if a state which
entered an appearance before an international court should refuse to
accept its award. And of course, in such a case, war is always waiting
in the background as an _ultima ratio_; but it is in the background only
that it waits; while, apart from the erection of an international court,
it is standing in the foreground. The whole problem shows that the
development in question cannot be rushed, but must proceed slowly and
continuously. Step can follow step. The economic and other interests of
states are more powerful than the will of the power-wielders of the day.
These interests have begotten the law of nations, have driven states to
arbitration, have called forth the establishment of a Permanent Court of
Arbitration at The Hague, and are now at work compelling the erection of
international courts. Let us arm ourselves with patience and allow these
interests to widen their sway; they will bring about a voluntary
submission to the judgments of the international court on the part of
all states.

CHAPTER IV

THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

[Sidenote: New tasks for the science of international law.]

67. International organization and legislation an