and Throat=

_Cold in the Head--Mouth-Breathing--Toothache--Sore Mouth--Treatment
of Tonsilitis--Quinsy--Diphtheria._

=NOSEBLEED.=--Nosebleed is caused by blows or falls, or more
frequently by picking and violently blowing the nose. The cartilage of
the nasal septum, or partition which divides the two nostrils, very
often becomes sore in spots, owing to irritation of dust-laden air,
and these crust over and lead to itching. Then "picking the nose"
removes the crusts, and frequent nosebleed results. Nosebleed also is
common in both full-blooded and anaemic persons; in the former because
of the high pressure within the blood vessels, in the latter owing to
the thin walls of the arteries and capillaries which readily rupture.

Nosebleed is again an accompaniment of certain general disorders, as
heart disease and typhoid fever. The bleeding comes usually from one
nostril only, and is a general oozing from the mucous membrane, or
more commonly flows from one spot on the septum near the nostril, the
cause of which we have just noted. The blood may spout forth in a
stream, as after a blow, or trickle away drop by drop, but is rarely
dangerous except in infants and aged persons with weak blood vessels.
In the case of the latter the occurrence of bleeding from the nose is
thought to indicate brittle vessels and a tendency to apoplexy, which
may be averted by the nosebleed. This is uncertain. If nosebleed comes
on at night during sleep, the blood may flow into the stomach without
the patient's knowledge, and on being vomited may suggest bleeding
from the stomach.

=Treatment.=--The avoidance of excitement and of blowing the nose,
hawking, and coughing will assist recovery. The patient should sit
quietly with head erect, unless there is pallor and faintness, when he
may lie down on the side with the head held forward so that the blood
will flow out of the nose. There is no cause for alarm in most cases,
because the more blood lost the more readily does the remainder clot
and stop bleeding. As the blood generally comes from the lower part of
the partition separating the nostrils, the finger should be introduced
into the bleeding nostril and pressure made against this point, or the
whole lower part of the nose may be simply compressed between the
thumb and forefinger. If this does not suffice a lump of ice may be
held against the side of the bleeding nostril, and another placed in
the mouth. The injection into the nostril of