akes possession of Syria; he is recalled thence to oppose
Mithridates, who, returned to his states, prepares for further
resistance.

63. Having intervened between the brothers John Hyrcanus II and
Aristobulus II, and decided in favor of Hyrcanus, Pompey lays siege to
Jerusalem, where Aristobulus reigns, captures it, and makes Judea a
Roman province.

Mithridates, betrayed by his son, poisons himself.

Cicero frustrates the conspiracy of Catiline, having for its object the
cancellation of debts, the proscription of the wealthy, and the
distribution among the conspirators of all the offices of honor and
emolument.

62. Catiline is defeated and slain, after having collected an army in
Etruria.

Discord arises between Caesar, now praetor, and Cato, tribune of the
people.

60. First Triumvirate in Rome, formed of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar,
equally dividing the power.

59. Consulship of Caesar at Rome; he carries his agrarian law and
ingratiates himself with the people; he is given the command in Gaul and
Illyrium for five years.

58. Caesar begins his campaigns in Gaul. See "CAESAR CONQUERS GAUL," ii,
267.

Cicero exiled from Rome; he had saved the Republic at the time of the
Catiline conspiracy, but had broken the constitution, which forbade
capital punishment without the sentence of the assembly of the people.

57. The Belgae conquered by Caesar.

Cicero recalled to Rome.

56. Roman conquest of Aquitaine.

55. Cato is imprisoned for opposing the vote giving the triumvirs five
more years in their respective provinces: Pompey in Spain; Caesar in
Gaul; Crassus in Syria. The triumvirs meet at Lucca.

Caesar's first expedition into Britain. See "ROMAN INVASION AND CONQUEST
OF BRITAIN," ii, 285.

54. First campaign of Crassus; he plunders the Temple of Jerusalem and
proceeds against the Parthians.

Mithridates of Parthia is murdered by his brother Orodes.

Caesar's second invasion of Britain. See "ROMAN INVASION AND CONQUEST OF
BRITAIN," ii, 285.

53. Crassus defeated and slain in the war against the Parthians at
Carrhae.

52. Vercingetorix, at the head of various Gallic tribes, makes a
formidable effort to drive Caesar out of Gaul; he is unsuccessful, and
Caesar, besieging him in his stronghold Alesia, forces him to surrender.

51. Peace between Rome and Parthia. Caesar completes his conquest of
Gaul.

Cleopatra, on the death of her father, Ptolemy Auletes, becomes queen of
Egypt. See "CLEOPATR