thesis, to be taught
hereafter.

The highest Analysis relates to _objects_, or rather to the _ideas_ we
have of them, and the lowest to _mere words_, to mere articulated
sounds, or their written or printed representatives. The great body of
examples and illustrations in my lessons pertain to ideas; but in the
list of twenty-four Presidents I deal with the proper Names as words
only, as words or articulated sounds--words which are nearly devoid of
meaning except as marks or sounds for naming persons, or as words
containing syllables which may have a general meaning in other
applications. I need scarcely add that the Laws of In., Ex., and Con.
apply to words merely as well as to the ideas which are, of course,
suggested by the words. Let me illustrate: Ulysses S. Grant was
succeeded by Rutherford B. Hayes. The initial syllables of Ulysses and
of Rutherford make an inclusion by sound. The "U" of Ulysses is
pronounced as if spelled "You." We then have in effect "You" and "Ru,"
or "You" and "Ruth"--when we are supposed to pronounce the "u" in Ruth
as a long "u;" but if it be considered to be a short sound of "u," it is
only a weak case of In. by s. But if the pupil shuts his eyes, such
inclusions will not be observed. It is true that such application is not
so high or grand as when they govern ideas, but it is equally _genuine_.
It is only a lower stratum, but still it is a part of _terra firma_, and
on no account is it to be ignored.

_Ideas are never words_ nor are _words ever ideas_, but words become so
_associated_ with ideas by habit, or by the Law of Concurrence, that
they _arouse certain ideas_ whenever they are used. They are used as
_signs_ of ideas--as the means of communicating them. There is rarely,
if ever, any _necessary_ connection that we can discover between a
particular idea and the word used to stand for it. Not only do different
nations use different _words_ or _sounds_ to arouse the _same_ thought,
but different words in the same language are sometimes used to portray
practically _the same idea_, as in the case of Mariner, Sailor, Seaman,
Jack Tar, Navigator, Skipper, &c., &c. Nor is this all--the _same sound_
may awaken different ideas, as "I" and "Eye." In the first case "I"
stands for the person using it, and in the last case it means the organ
of sight. To the eyesight they are obviously unlike. It may be well to
remark that in imposing a name in the first place, _a reason_ may exist
why that name