and, remembering how successful Epaminondas had been, he taught
them to fight as the Thebans had fought at Leuctra and Mantinea.

Then, instead of drawing up his soldiers in one long line of battle, he
formed them into a solid body,--an arrangement which soon became known
as the Macedonian phalanx.

Each soldier in the phalanx had a large shield, and carried a spear. As
soon as the signal for battle was given, the men locked their shields
together so as to form a wall, and stood in ranks one behind the other.

The first row of soldiers had short spears, and the fourth and last rows
very long ones. The weapons of the other rows were of medium length, so
that they all stuck out beyond the first soldiers, and formed a
bristling array of points which no one dared meet.

Philip not only trained his army so as to have well-drilled soldiers
ready, but also found and began to work some gold mines in his kingdom.
As they yielded much precious metal, he soon became one of the richest
men of his time.

This wealth proved very useful, for it helped him to hire a great force
of soldiers, and also to buy up a number of allies. In fact, Philip soon
found that his gold was even more useful than his army, and he was in
the habit of saying that "a fortress can always be taken if only a mule
laden with gold can be got inside."

Philip was so kind and just that he soon won the love of all his
subjects. It is said that he listened to the complaints of the poor and
humble with as much patience as to those of his noblest courtiers.

Once, after dining heavily and drinking too much, Philip was suddenly
called upon to try the case of a poor widow. As the king's head was not
very clear, he was not able to judge as well as usual: so he soon said
that she was in the wrong, and should be punished.

The woman, who knew that she was right, was very angry; and, as the
guards were dragging her away, she daringly cried, "I appeal!"

"Appeal?" asked Philip, in a mocking tone, "and to whom?"

"I appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober!" replied the woman.

These words made such an impression upon Philip, that he said he would
try the case again on the next day, when his head was quite clear. He
did not forget his promise on the morrow; and when he found that the
woman was right, he punished her accuser, and set her free.

LXXXVIII. PHILIP BEGINS HIS CONQUESTS.

As we have already seen, when Philip found himself in the wrong, he was