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which threatened liberal principles, and roused the discontented in
other countries to make fresh efforts for freedom. Certain ordinances,
published on July 25th by the French Ministry, suspended the freedom of
the press, altered the law of election to the Chambers of Deputies, and
suppressed a number of Liberal journals. Paris rose to resist, and on
July 28th, men of the Faubourg St Antoine took possession of the Hotel
de Ville, hoisting the tricolour flag again. Charles X was deposed in
favour of Louis Philippe, the Citizen-King, who was a son of that Duke
of Orleans once known as Philippe Equality. "A popular throne with
republican institutions" thus replaced the absolute monarchy of the
Bourbons. There was an eager belief in other lands that the new King
of France would support attempts to abolish tyranny, but Louis Philippe
was afraid of losing power, and in Italy an insurrection in favour of
the new freedom was overawed by an army sent from Austria. The time
was not yet come for the blow to be struck which would fulfil the
object of the {187} Carbonari by driving every Austrian from their
country.

Mazzini passed into exile, realizing that there had been some fatal
defect in the organization of a society whose attempts met with such
failure. He was confirmed in his belief that the youth of Italy must
be roused and educated to win their own emancipation. "Youth lives on
freedom," he said, "grows great in enthusiasm and faith." Then he made
his appeal for the enrolment of these untried heroes. "Consecrate them
with a lofty mission; influence them with emulation and praise; spread
through their ranks the word of fire, the word of inspiration; speak to
them of country, of glory, of power, of great memories." So he
recalled the past to them, and the genius which had dazzled the world
as it rose from the land of strange passion and strange beauty. Dante
was more than a poet to him. He had felt the same love of unity, had
looked to the future and seen the day when the bond-slave should shake
off the yoke and declare a national unity.

The young Italians rallied round the standard of the patriot, whose
words lit in them the spark of sacrifice. They received his
adjurations gladly, promising to obey them. He pointed out a thorny
road, but the reward was at the end, the illumination of the soul which
crowns each great endeavour. Self had to be forgotten and family ties
broken if they held back from the