$75.8 billion (1996)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $195 million (1993)
note: aid for Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1
billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion

Currency: Turkish lira (TL)

Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 110,119 (January 1997),
81,405 (1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993),
6,872.4 (1992)

Fiscal year: calendar year

@Turkey:Communications

Telephones: 14.3 million (1995 est.)

Telephone system: fair domestic and international systems
domestic: trunk microwave radio relay network; limited open-wire
network
international : 12 satellite earth stations - Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), Eutelsat, and Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Ocean regions); 3
submarine fiberoptic cables (1996)

Radio broadcast stations: national broadcast stations 36, regional
broadcast stations 108, local broadcast stations 1,058 (1996)

Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 15 national, 15 regional, 229 local

Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)

@Turkey:Transportation

Railways:
total: 10,386 km
standard gauge : 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,093 km electrified)

Highways:
total: 381,300 km
paved : 87,699 km (including 1,246 km of expressways)
unpaved: 293,601 km (1995 est.)

Waterways: about 1,200 km

Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural
gas 708 km

Ports and harbors: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit,
Mersin, Samsun, Trabzon

Merchant marine:
total: 515 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,986,328 GRT/10,157,071
DWT
ships by type: bulk 155, cargo 232, chemical tanker 24, combination
bulk 7, combination ore/oil 11, container 6, liquefied gas tanker 4,
livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 43, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 20, short-sea passenger 7, specialized
tanker 2
note: Turkey owns an additional 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
163,512 DWT operating under the registries of The Bahamas, Malta, and
Panama (1996 est.)

Airports: 104 (1996 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 94
over 3,047 m : 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 28 (1996 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total : 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 8 (1996 est.)

Heliports: 2 (1996 est.)

Military

Military branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval
Infantry), Air Force, Coast