organization, have been created. The recent origin of man, and the
absence of all signs of any rational being holding an analogous relation
to former states of the animate world, affords one, and perhaps in the
present state of science the only argument of much weight in support of
the hypothesis of a progressive scheme; but none whatever in favor of
the fancied evolution of one species out of another.

_Theory of the gradation of intellect as shown by the facial
angle._--When the celebrated anatomist, Camper, first attempted to
estimate the degrees of sagacity of different animals, and of the races
of man, by the measurement of the facial angle, some speculators were
bold enough to affirm that certain Simiae, or apes, differed as little
from the more savage races of men, as those do from the human race in
general; and that a scale might be traced from "apes with foreheads
villanous low" to the African variety of the human species, and from
that to the European. The facial angle was measured by drawing a line
from the prominent centre of the forehead to the most advanced part of
the lower jaw-bone, and observing the angle which it made with the
horizontal line; and it was affirmed, that there was a regular series of
such angles from birds to the mammalia.

The gradation from the dog to the monkey was said to be perfect, and
from that again to man. One of the ape tribe has a facial angle of 42
degrees; and another, which approximated nearest to man in figure, an
angle of 50 degrees. To this succeeds (longo sed proximus intervallo)
the head of the African negro, which, as well as that of the Calmuck,
forms an angle of 70 degrees; while that of the European contains 80
degrees. The Roman painters preferred the angle of 95 degrees; and the
character of beauty and sublimity so striking in some works of Grecian
sculpture, as in the head of the Apollo, and in the Medusa of Sisocles,
is given by an angle which amounts to 100 degrees.[836]

A great number of valuable facts and curious analogies in comparative
anatomy were brought to light during the investigations which were made
by Camper, John Hunter, and others, to illustrate this scale of
organization; and their facts and generalizations must not be confounded
with the fanciful systems which White and others deduced from them.[837]

That there is some connexion between an elevated and capacious forehead,
in certain races of men, and a large developement of the intellectu