illed.

The first intimation which the inhabitants of Bandong received of this
calamity on the 8th of October, was the news that the river Wulna was
bearing down into the sea the dead bodies of men, and the carcasses of
stags, rhinoceroses, tigers, and other animals. The Dutch painter Payen
determined to travel from thence to the volcano, and he found that the
quantity of the ashes diminished as he approached the base of the
mountain. He alludes to the altered form of the mountain after the 12th,
but does not describe the new semicircular gulf on its side.

The official accounts state that 114 villages were destroyed, and above
4000 persons killed.[591]

_Submarine volcanoes._--Although we have every reason to believe that
volcanic eruptions as well as earthquakes are common in the bed of the
sea, it was not to be expected that many opportunities would occur to
scientific observers of witnessing the phenomena. The crews of vessels
have sometimes reported that they have seen in different places
sulphurous smoke, flame, jets of water, and steam, rising up from the
sea, or they have observed the waters greatly discolored, and in a state
of violent agitation as if boiling. New shoals have also been
encountered, or a reef of rocks just emerging above the surface, where
previously there was always supposed to have been deep water. On some
few occasions the gradual formation of an island by a submarine eruption
has been observed, as that of Sabrina, in the year 1811, off St.
Michael's in the Azores. The throwing up of ashes in that case, and the
formation of a cone about three hundred feet in height, with a crater in
the centre, closely resembled the phenomena usually accompanying a
volcanic eruption on land. Sabrina was soon washed away by the waves.
Previous eruptions in the same part of the sea were recorded to have
happened in 1691 and 1720. The rise of Nyoe, also, a small island off
the coast of Iceland, in 1783, has already been alluded to; and another
volcanic isle was produced by an eruption near Reikiavig, on the same
coast, in June, 1830.[592]

_Graham Island_[593], 1831.--We have still more recent and minute
information respecting the appearance, in 1831, of a new volcanic island
in the Mediterranean, between the S. W. coast of Sicily and that
projecting part of the African coast where ancient Carthage stood. The
site of the island was not any part of the great shoal, or bank, called
"Nerita," as was first asser