fferent distances from the shore and then disappeared again. The
eruption was renewed at intervals during the years 1711 and 1712, and at
length a cone was piled up to the height of 330 feet above the level of
the sea, its exterior slope forming an angle of 33 degrees with the
horizon, and the crater on its summit being 80 yards in diameter. In
addition to the two points of subaerial eruption on the New and Little
Kaimenis, two other cones, indicating the sites of submarine outbursts
of unknown date, were discovered under water near the Kaimenis during
the late survey.

In regard to the "White Island," which was described and visited by
Gorce in 1707, we are indebted to Mr. Edward Forbes for having, in 1842,
carefully investigated the layer of pumiceous ash of which it is
constituted. He obtained from it many shells of marine genera,
Pectunculus, Arca, Cardita, Trochus, and others, both univalve and
bivalve, all of recent Mediterranean species. They were in a fine state
of preservation, the bivalves with the epidermis remaining, and valves
closed, showing that they had been suddenly destroyed. Mr. Forbes, from
his study of the habits of the mollusca living at different depths in
the Mediterranean, was able to decide that such an assemblage of species
could not have lived at a less depth than 220 feet, so that a bodily
upheaval of the mass to that amount must have taken place in order to
bring up this bed of ashes and shells to the level of the sea, and they
now rise five or six feet above that level.[609]

We may compare this partial elevation of solid matter to the rise of a
hardened crust of scoriae, such as is usually formed on the surface of
lava-currents, even while they are in motion, and which, although stony
and capable of supporting heavy weights, may be upraised without
bursting by the intumescence of the melted matter below. That the
upheaval was merely local is proved by the fact that the neighboring
Kaimenis did not participate in the movement, still less the three more
distant or outer islands before mentioned. The history, therefore, of
the Kaimenis shows that they have been the result of intermittent
action, and it lends no support to the hypothesis of the sudden
distension of horizontal beds blown up like a bladder by a single
paroxysmal effort of expansive gases.

It will be seen by the accompanying map and sections, that the Kaimenis
are arranged in a linear direction, running N. E. and S. W., in a