e natural) this French school lays too much
stress upon the outward acts, and that this tendency has
led them to find real living magic where it is present
only in a fossil state.

[108] _e.g._ Tylor, article "Magic" in _Encycl. Brit._,
and _Primitive Culture_, 1. ch. iv.; Marett, _Threshold
of Religion_, 83. See below, p. 180.

[109] Pliny, _N.H._ xxviii. 17 and 18. For the singing
or murmuring of spells in many countries, see Jevons,
_Anthropology and the Classics_, p. 93 foll.

[110] Bruns, _Fontes Iuris Romani_, note on this
passage.

[111] _Civ. Dei_, viii. 19.

[112] See, _e.g._, Wordsworth, _Fragments and Specimens
of Early Latin_, p. 446, for an account of simple land
measurement which will suffice to illustrate the point
made here.

[113] The _carmina famosa_ sung at a triumph by the
soldiers had the same origin, but were used to avert
evil from the triumphator. The best exposition of this
is in H. A. J. Munro's _Elucidations of Catullus_, p. 76
foll.

[114] Pliny, _N.H._ xxviii. 19. For the technical sense
of _defigere_, _defixio_, see Jevons in _Anthropology
and the Classics_, p. 108 foll.

[115] The most familiar examples are Virgil's eighth
_Eclogue_, 95 foll.; Ovid, _Met._ vii. 167, and
elsewhere; _Fasti_, iv. 551; Horace, _Epode_ v. 72; cp.
article "Magia" in Daremberg-Saglio; Falz, _De poet.
Rom. doctrina magica_, Giessen, 1903. There is a
collection of Roman magical spells in Appel's _De
Romanorum precationibus_, p. 43 foll. Many modern
Italian examples and survivals will be found in Leland's
_Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition_, pt. ii.

[116] Cato, _R.R._ 160; Varro, _R.R._ i. 3.

[117] Pliny, _N.H._ xxviii. 21.

[118] _Ib._ xxviii. 20. The following sections of this
book are the _locus classicus_ for these popular
superstitions.

[119] See, _e.g._, _Italian Home Life_, by Lina Duff
Gordon, p. 230 foll.

[120] Juvenal v. 164. The idea probably arose, as a
passage of Plutarch suggests (_Rom._ 25), from the fact
that the triumphator, whose garb was no doubt of
Etruscan origin, wore the bulla.

[121] Frazer, _G.B._ i. 345, note 2, where we learn that
gold was taboo in some Greek worships, _e.g._ at the
mysteries of Andania, which sufficiently proves that it
possessed potency. Pliny,