on are known technically as the =elements=
of =time=, =inflection=, =pitch=, =force=, and =quality=. Closely
connected with these elements are =pause=, =grouping=, =stress=,
=emphasis=, =shading=, and =perspective=.

=Pause.= It must be quite clear that when we are reading silently, for
the purpose of getting the thought for ourselves, our minds are at
work as has been described. We shall now examine how this work done by
the mind affects the voice and produces what we call good expression
when we are reading aloud for the purpose of conveying thought to
others. As an illustration we shall take an example from _The Glove
and the Lions_:

The nobles fill'd the benches round, the ladies by their side,
And 'mongst them Count de Lorge, with one he hoped to make his bride.

In these lines there are certain words or phrases which stand out
prominently, since they call up mental pictures, namely: "nobles,"
"benches round," "Count de Lorge," and "one." In order to give time
to make these mental pictures, we naturally pause after each one. At
the end of the first line we combine the details, making a larger
mental image, with the result that we make a long pause after "side."
In reading the second line, the eye and the mind run ahead of the
voice, and the reader, wishing to impress the listener with the new
and important idea "Count de Lorge," pauses before it as well as after
it. In the same way he pauses before the phrase, "he hoped to make his
bride," to prepare the mind of the listener to receive the impression.
Thus we see that, if the mind is working, a pause occurs after a word
while we are making a mental image or trying to realize the idea more
fully, and also often before we express an important idea, in order to
prepare the mind of the listener for what is to come.

A very useful exercise in the study of pause is to image the pictures
in selections such as the following:

Come from deep glen (picture) and
From mountain so rocky; (picture)
The war pipe and pennon (picture)
Are at Inverlocky.
Come every hill-plaid, and
True heart that wears one; (picture)
Come every steel blade, (picture) and
Strong hand that bears one. (picture)

Leave untended the herd, (picture)
The flock without shelter; (picture)
Leave the corpse uninterred, (picture)
The bride at the altar; (picture)
Leave the deer, (picture) leave the steer, (picture)
Leave nets and barges: (picture)
Co