ill (_Anethum graveolens_, Linn.).
Fennel (_Foeniculum officinale_, Linn.).
Angelica (_Archangelica officinalis_, Hoofm.).
Anise (_Pimpinella anisum_, Linn.).
Caraway (_Carum Carui_, Linn.).
Coriander (_Coriandrum sativum_, Linn.).
Chervil (_Scandix Cerefolium_, Linn.).
Cumin or Cummin (_Cuminum Cyminum_, Linn.).
Lovage (_Levisticum officinale_, Koch.).
Samphire (_Crithmum maritimum_, Linn.).

[Illustration: Hand Plow]

Like the members of the preceding group, the species of the Umbelliferae
are principally natives of mild climates of the old world, but many of
them extend farther north into the cold parts of the continent, even
beyond the Arctic Circle in some cases. They have cylindrical, usually
hollow stems; alternate, generally compound leaves the basis of whose
stalks ensheath the branches or stems; and small flowers almost always
arranged in compound terminal umbels. The fruits are composed of two
seedlike dry carpels, each containing a single seed, and usually
separating when ripe. Each carpel bears five longitudinal prominent ribs
and several, often four, lesser intermediate ones, in the intervals
between which numerous oil ducts have their openings from the interior
of the fruit. The oil is generally found in more or less abundance also
in other parts of the plant, but is usually most plentiful in the
fruits.

The members of the Compositae used as sweet herbs are, with the exception
of tarragon, comparatively unimportant, and except for having their
flowers in close heads "on a common receptacle, surrounded by an
involucre," have few conspicuous characters in common. No further space
except that required for their enumeration need here be devoted to them.
And this remark will apply also to the other two herbs mentioned further
below.

COMPOSITAE

Marigold, Pot (_Calendula officinalis_, Linn.). Tansy (_Tanacetum
vulgaris_, Linn.). Tarragon (_Artemisia Dracunculus_, Linn.).
Southernwood (_Artemisia Abrotanum_, Linn.).

RUTACEAE

Rue (_Ruta graveolens_, Linn.).

BORAGINACEAE

Borage (_Borago officinalis_, Linn.).

RANUNCULACEAE

Fennel-flower (_Nigella sativa_, Linn.).

Before dismissing this section of the subject, it may be interesting to
glance over the list of names once more. Seven of these plants were
formerly so prominent in medicine that they were designated "official"
and nearly all the others were extensively used by physicians. At the
present day there are