75 75 70 0.45
2 1852 Portpatrick Donaghadee 2 17 34 160 ..
3 1852 Portpatrick Donaghadee 5 15 75 160 4.80
4 1854 Holyhead Howth 1 65 65 70 2.00
5 1855 Sardinia Africa 6 50 300 800 8.00
6 1855 Cape Ray Cape North 3 30 90 360 ..
7 1855 Sardinia Africa 3 160 480 1,500 3.70
8 1857 Ireland Newfoundland 1 300 300 2,400 ..
(Lost in laying)
9 1859 Candia Alexandria 1 150 150 1,600 0.89
10 1865 Ireland Newfoundland 1 1,300 1,300 2,400 1.75

It will be seen from the above list of failures, that the great
extension and success of submarine cables has been attained through many
great failure,--among the most prominent being the old and new Atlantic,
the Red Sea and India, (which was laid in five sections, that worked
from six to nine months each, but was never in working order from end to
end,) the Singapore and Batavia, and Sardinia and Corfu. None of these
cable, with the exception of the new Atlantic, were tested under water
after manufacture, and every one of them was covered with a sheathing of
light iron wire, weighing in the aggregate only about fifteen hundred
pounds per mile.

These two peculiarities are sufficient to account for every failure
which has occurred, with the exception of the new Atlantic. No
electrical test will show the presence of flaws in the insulating cover
of a wire, unless water, or some other conductor, enters the flaws and
establishes an electrical connection between the outside and inside of
the cable. All cables now manufactured are tested under water before
being laid.

* * * * *

Communication between the Ottoman capital and Western Europe passes
through Vienna. From this city to Constantinople there are two distinct
lines,--one passing by Semlin and Belgrade to Adrianople, the other by
Toultcha, Kustendji, and Varna. There is a third line to Adrianople by
Bucharest; and by the opening of the submarine line between Avlona and
Otranto, in Italy, the Turkish telegraph service will be in direct
communication with the West, without going through Servia or the
Moldo-Wallachian Principalities.

Communication between Constantinople and India is maintained over the
following route:--To Ismid, 55 miles; thence to Mudurli, 104 miles;