Cutler) 98, 99
Writing Materials. (British Museum) 101
Pompeius 109
A Vase in the shape of a Galley 111
A Triumph, from a relief of the Empire.
(Capitoline Museum) 114
A Roman Villa on the Coast 116
A Thracian Gladiator 125
Orodes the Parthian 128
Cicero 131
Arpinum, Cicero's birthplace.
(From a photograph by Alinari) 132
Julius Caesar. (From a gem in the British Museum) 142
Julius Caesar. (From a bust in the British Museum) 143
Submission of Tribes, from a relief. (Capitoline Museum) 150
Roman Legionary Helmet found in Britain. (British Museum) 151
The Heights of Alesia 152
Marcus Antonius, from a coin 153
Cleopatra, from a coin 156
A Roman Coin celebrating the Murder of Caesar 157
A Cinerary Urn 159
A Roman Water-carrier with his Water-skin on his Back 160

[Illustration: THE HILLS ROUND HORACE'S FARM
from a drawing by E. Lear]

I

INTRODUCTORY

The People and City of Rome

More than two thousand years ago, at a time when the people in the
British Isles and in most parts of Western Europe were living the lives
of savages, occupied in fighting, hunting, and fishing, dwelling in rude
huts, clad in skins, ignorant of everything that we call civilization,
Rome was the centre of a world in many ways as civilized as ours is now,
over which the Roman people ruled. The men who dwelt in this one city,
built on seven hills on the banks of the river Tiber, gradually
conquered all Italy. Then they became masters of the lands round the
Mediterranean Sea: of Northern Africa and of Spain, of Greece, Egypt,
Asia Minor and the Near East, and of Western Europe. The greatness of
Rome and of the Roman people does not lie, however, in their conquests.
In the end their conquests ruined them. It lies in the character, mind,
and will of the Romans themselves.

In the history of the anci