in coal and irrigated land, was absorbed in 1911. The
northern country was traversed by two new east and west lines. The
Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and {225} Saskatchewan, extending from Regina to
Prince Albert, lost to the Canadian Northern in 1906, was replaced by a
new line and 'cutoffs' and extensions built in every quarter. South of
the border equal activity was displayed in throwing out feeders for the
Soo and Duluth lines. The acquisition of the Wisconsin Central in 1909
gave the Canadian Pacific entrance into Chicago, while an agreement
with the Wabash made it possible to link up its western United States
lines with its southern Ontario road at Detroit. In Ontario, a branch
from Toronto to Sudbury made the Canadian Pacific independent of the
Grand Trunk's North Bay link, an extension from Guelph to Goderich
tapped a fertile country, a line from Port M'Nicoll on Georgian Bay to
Bethany near Peterborough gave a short through route for grain, a lake
shore route eastward from Toronto provided access to the towns which
the Grand Trunk, in its promoters' concern for through traffic or in
its contractors' desire for low land charges, had side-tracked, while
stock purchase and later a lease of the Kingston and Pembroke gave
entrance into Kingston. In Quebec, short tentacles were pushed up into
the Laurentian hills north of Ottawa; south of the St Lawrence the
chief step taken {226} was the 999-year lease of the Quebec Central,
sanctioned in 1912. In the Maritime Provinces the New Brunswick
Southern or Shore line and the Dominion Atlantic, successor to the
Windsor and Annapolis, were leased in 1911, and running rights secured
over the Intercolonial into Halifax.

[Illustration: Canadian Pacific Railway, 1914]

A marked feature of the Canadian Pacific policy from the beginning was
the endeavour to control subsidiary or allied activities, and thus gain
well-rounded independence. Its steamship lines came to girdle half the
world. On the Pacific, service to Hong-Kong and Yokohama had begun in
1892 and to Australia in 1893, while a service on the coast from
Seattle to the far north, and on the lakes of central British Columbia,
followed. The Great Lakes fleet was still earlier in being. In 1903
the purchase of fourteen Elder-Dempster vessels ranging from five to
eight thousand tons gave a whole North Atlantic fleet for seven
millions, or the cost of a single _Lusitania_. It was soon increased
by larger and faster boa