,437 m: 2

Heliports:
14 (2003 est.)

Military Turkey

Military branches:
Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Land Forces, Naval Forces Command
(includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard
Command, Gendarmerie (Jandarma)

Military manpower - military age and obligation:
20 years of age (2004 est.)

Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 19,828,702 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 11,965,262 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 680,673 (2004 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$12.155 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
5.3% (2003)

Transnational Issues Turkey

Disputes - international:
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question remains with Greece; Syria and Iraq
protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates
waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in
Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 350,000-1,000,000 (fighting from 1984-1999 between Kurdish
PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern provinces) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and
- to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea routes;
major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey
as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw
concentrate

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

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@Turkmenistan

Introduction Turkmenistan

Background:
Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a
Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved its independence upon the
dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute
control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive
hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this
underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects were to
be expanded. The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to
deve