rd wage examined.

Sec. 5. The effect of the standard wage on individual
independence and initiative.

Sec. 6. The effect of the standard wage on the distribution of
employment within the group.

Sec. 7. Its effect upon industrial organization, prices, and
managerial ability.

Sec. 8. Its effect upon the output of the wage earners. This
question cannot be satisfactorily discussed apart from the
larger one--that of the effect of unionism upon production.

Sec. 9. Wage standardization and the "rate of turnover" of
labor.

Chapter VIII--The Standard Wage (_Continued_) 147

Sec. 1. What variations or limitations should be introduced
into the principle of standardization in view of the great
area and economic diversity of the United States?

Sec. 2. Differences in natural or acquired advantage between
different enterprises as a reason for modification and
limitation of the principle.

Sec. 3. Differences in the character of the work performed by
any large group of wage earners as a reason.

Sec. 4. Differences in the cost of living at different points
within the area of standardization as a reason.

Sec. 5. The grounds for "nominal variations" in standard wage
rates. The policy to be pursued in regard to payment for
irregular employment.

Sec. 6. The possibility of maintaining standard wage rates over
a large and diversified area considered.

Sec. 7. Up to the present, the progress of standardization has
not proceeded in accordance with reasoned conclusions as to
the results produced.

Sec. 8. Where should level of standardization be set? The
doctrine of "standardization upward."

Sec. 9. The importance of the principle of standardization in
wage settlement.

Chapter IX--The Living Wage 177

Sec. 1. The reasons for seeking separate principles for the
settlement of the wages of the lowest paid groups.

Sec. 2. Wage statistics of these groups a matter of familiar
knowledge.

Sec. 3. The definition of the living wage idea. An inescapable
element of indefiniteness contained in it.

Sec. 4. The living wage principle put in the form of applied
policy.

Sec. 5. Should the living wage principle be applied to male
labor? The arguments for and against.

Sec. 6. The theoretical case for the living wage principle. The
verdict of past experience favorable to its extension.

Sec. 7. The dangers which must be guarded against in applying
it.

Sec.