ing the Summer and Fall and deposits its larva about
the sheep's and goat's nostrils. This larva attaches itself to the
mucous membrane of the nostrils with two hooklets by which it gradually
works into the air cavities of the head, remaining there for about ten
months. Then it again passes from the nostrils, burrows into the ground
and becomes a fully matured Gadfly in six or eight weeks, which
completes its life cycle, the head of the sheep or goat being its
intermediate host where the newly born Gadfly again attaches its larva.

SYMPTOMS: When sheep or goats are attacked by this Gadfly, they run,
strike at the nose with their front feet, rub the nose on the ground or
against other sheep. In case only three or four larvae gain entrance to
the sinuses of the head, they produce very little, if any, ill effects,
but where they become numerous, they cause the animal to cough and
sneeze continually, discharge from the nose, which is occasionally
tinged with blood. The appetite becomes impaired, the animal shows signs
of emaciation, becomes very weak, raises the nose in the air, but
eventually becomes so weak it reels when walking and finally lies down.
It becomes so weak it cannot toss the head or rise, and dies.

PREVENTION TREATMENT: Very successful. Paint the sheep's or goat's nose
with Pine Tar, or better still, place salt in a trough, covering it with
boards, with holes bored in them just large enough for the animal to
insert its nose. Smear Pine Tar about the holes once or twice a week.
This treatment has proven very efficient in localities where sheep
Gadflies are numerous.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: After the animal once becomes infected with these
grubs, bore holes (trephine) through the skull with a sharp instrument
made for this purpose and remove the grubs. This requires considerable
amount of skill and should be attempted only by a competent
Veterinarian.

HOVEN

(Bloating--Acute Tynpanitis--Acute Indigestion)

CAUSE: Hoven is caused by various kinds of food which produce
indigestion or fermentation and resultant gases in the rumen or paunch.
When sheep are first turned into young clover, they eat so greedily of
it that bloating frequently results. Turnips, potatoes and cabbage may
also produce it. Middlings and corn meal also frequently give rise to
it. In this connection it may be stated that an excessive quantity of
any food, before mentioned, may bring on this disorder, or it may not be
due to excessiv