confidently anticipated that the series will stimulate the study
of the problems of delinquency, the State control of which commands as
great expenditure of human toil and treasure as does the control of
constructive public education.

ROBERT H. GAULT, }
_Editor of the Journal of Criminal }
Law and Criminology. }
Northwestern University._ }
}
FREDERIC B. CROSSLEY, } COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
_Northwestern University._ } OF THE
} AMERICAN INSTITUTE
JAMES W. GARNER, } OF CRIMINAL
_University of Illinois._ } LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY.
}
HORACE SECRIST, }
_Northwestern University._ }
}
HERMAN C. STEVENS, }
_University of Chicago._ }

PREFACE

When, in 1810, Franz Joseph Gall said: "The measure of culpability and
the measure of punishment can not be determined by a study of the
illegal act, but only by a study of the individual committing it," he
expressed an idea which has, in late years, come to be regarded as a
trite truism. This called forth as an unavoidable consequence a more
lively interest on the part of various social agencies in the
personality of the criminal, with the resultant gradually increasing
conviction that the suppression of crime is not primarily a legal
question, but is rather a problem for the physician, sociologist, and
economist. Whatever light has been thrown in recent years upon this most
important social problem, criminality, did not issue from a
contemplation of the abstract and more or less sterile theses on crime
and punishment as reflected in current works on criminal law and
procedure, but was the result of research carried on at the hands of the
physician, especially the psychopathologist, sociologist, and
economist. The slogan of the modern criminologist is, "intensive study
of the individual delinquent from all angles and points of view", rather
than mere insistence upon the precise application of a definite kind of
punishment to a definite crime as outlined by statute. Indeed, the whole
idea of punishment is giving way to the idea of correction and
reformation. This radical cha