ts.

CONCLUSIONS

The conclusions which may safely be drawn from the study of malingering
as it is manifested in criminal departments of hospitals for the insane
are as follows:--

1. The detection of malingering in a given case by no means excludes the
presence of actual mental disease. The two phenomena are not only not
mutually exclusive, but are frequently concomitant manifestations in the
same individual.

2. Malingering is a form of mental reaction manifested for the purpose
of evading a particularly stressful situation in life, and is resorted
to chiefly, if not exclusively, by the mentally abnormal, such as
psychopaths, hysterics, and the frankly insane.

3. Malingering and allied traits, viz., lying and deceit, are not always
consciously motivated modes of behavior, but are not infrequently
determined by motives operative in the subconscious mental life, and
accordingly affect to a marked extent the individual's responsibility
for such behavior.

4. The differentiation of the malingered symptoms from the genuine ones
is, as a rule, extremely difficult, and great caution is to be exercised
in pronouncing a given individual a malingerer.

REFERENCES

[1] BRILL, A. A.: "Artificial Dreams and Lying," _Journal of Abnormal
Psychology_, vol. ix, No. 5.

[2] DELBRUeCK, ANTON: "Die Pathologische Luege," Enke, Stuttgart, 1891.

[3] FERRARI, L.: "Minorenni Delinquenti," Milano, 1895.

[4] PENTA, PASQUALE: "La Simulazione della Pazzia," Napoli, Francesco
Perrella, 1905.

[5] WILMANNS: "Ueber Gefangnispsychosen," Halle, S. 1908.

[6] BONHOEFFER: "Degenerationspsychosen," Halle, S. 1907.

[7] KNECHT: Quoted by Penta.

[8] VINGTRINIER: "Des Alienes dans les Prisons," _Annales d'hygiene et
de med.-legale_, 1852-53.

[9] JONES: Introduction to "Papers on Psycho-analysis."

[10] PELMAN: "Beitrag zur Lehre von der Simulation," Irrefreund, 1874,
and _Arch. de Neurolog._, 1890.

[11] BIRNBAUM, K.: "Zur Frage der psychogenen Krankheitsformen,"
_Zeitsch. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych._, 1910.

[12] SIEMENS: "Zur Frage der Simulation von Seelenstoerung," _Arch.
f. Psych. und Nerv._, xiv, 1883.

[13] MELBRUCH: Quoted by Penta.

[14] GLUECK, BERNARD: "Catamnestic Study of Juvenile Offender," _Journal
of Am. Inst. Crim. Law and Crimin._, viii, No. 2.

CHAPTER V

THE ANALYSIS OF A CASE OF KLEPTOMANIA

_Introduction._--The past two years have been very profitable ones for
the science of criminology,