al humiliation and tragic end. Not having
conquered the world, he cannot claim the crown of the martyr.

Abelard's works were collected by Cousin, and published in three 4to
volumes (Paris, 1836, 1849, 1859). They include, besides the
correspondence with Heloise, and a number of sermons, hymns, answers to
questions, etc., written for her, the following:--(1) 'Sic et Non,' a
collection of (often contradictory) statements of the Fathers concerning
the chief dogmas of religion, (2) 'Dialectic,' (3) 'On Genera and
Species,' (4) Glosses to Porphyry's 'Introduction,' Aristotle's
'Categories and Interpretation,' and Boethius's 'Topics,' (5)
'Introduction to Theology,' (6) 'Christian Theology,' (7) 'Commentary on
the Epistle to the Romans,' (9) 'Abstract of Christian Theology,' (10)
'Ethics, or Know Thyself,' (11) 'Dialogue between a Philosopher, a Jew,
and a Christian,' (12) 'On the Intellects,' (12) 'On the Hexameron,'
with a few short and unimportant fragments and tracts. None of Abelard's
numerous poems in the vernacular, in which he celebrated his love for
Heloise, which he sang ravishingly (for he was a famous singer), and
which at once became widely popular, seem to have come down to us; but
we have a somewhat lengthy poem, of considerable merit (though of
doubtful authenticity), addressed to his son Astralabius, who grew to
manhood, became a cleric, and died, it seems, as abbot of Hauterive in
Switzerland, in 1162.

Of Abelard's philosophy, little need be added to what has been already
said. It is, on the whole, the philosophy of the Middle Age, with this
difference: that he insists upon making theology rational, and thus may
truly be called the founder of modern rationalism, and the initiator of
the struggle against the tyrannic authority of blind faith. To have been
so is his crowning merit, and is one that can hardly be overestimated.
At the same time it must be borne in mind that he was a loyal son of the
Church, and never dreamed of opposing or undermining her. His greatest
originality is in 'Ethics,' in which, by placing the essence of morality
in the intent and not in the action, he anticipated Kant and much modern
speculation. Here he did admirable work. Abelard founded no school,
strictly speaking; nevertheless, he determined the method and aim of
Scholasticism, and exercised a boundless influence, which is not dead.
Descartes and Kant are his children. Among his immediate disciples were
a pope, twenty-nine ca