tate-like organization and
claims.... Its doctrine of exclusive salvation and its conception of
heresy both sanctioned by the state. Doubt and error regarded as
sinful.... Beginnings of censorship of the press after the invention
of printing, licensing of ecclesiastical and civil authorities....
Protestants of 16th century accept the theory of intolerance."

5 (J. H. R.) "The Socio-psychological foundations of conservatism:
Primitive natural reverence for the familiar and habitual greatly
reenforced by religion and law. Natural conservatism of all
professions. Those who suffer most from existing institutions
commonly, helplessly accept the situation as inevitable. Position of
the conservative; he urges the impossibility of altering 'human
nature' and warns against the disasters of revolution. Conservatism
in the light of history: History would seem to discredit
conservatism completely as a working principle in view of the past
achievements of mankind in the recent past and the possibilities
which opened before us.... Futility of the appeal of the
conservative to human nature as an obstacle to progress.... Culture
can not be transmitted hereditarily but can be accumulated through
education and modified indefinitely."

6 (J. H. R.) "Formulation and establishment of the evolutionary
hypothesis. Discovery of the great age of the earth; ... gradual
development of the evolutionary theory.... Darwin's 'Origin of the
Species,' 1859. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903).... Haeckel (1834-1919)
and others clarify, defend and popularize the new doctrine.
Subsequent development of the evolutionary doctrine by Mendel,
Weisman, DeVries and others. Weakening of the special creation
theory by other evidence such as archeology and biblical criticism.
The significance of the doctrine for intellectual history. Character
of the opposition to the evolutionary theory. Popular confusion of
'Darwinism' with 'evolution.' Revolutionary effects of the new point
of view. Does away with conception of fixed species (Platonic ideas)
that had previously dominated speculation. The genetic method
adopted in all the organic sciences, including the newer social
sciences. Problem of adjusting history to the discoveries of the
past 50 years. Bearing of evolution o