Navy and the Barbary Corsairs_(1905), and by C. O. Paullin,
_Commodore John Rodgers_(1910). The investigations of Henry Adams
in foreign archives enabled him to treat the diplomatic history of
the purchase of Louisiana with great fullness. F. A. Ogg, _The
Opening of the Mississippi_(1904), and J. K. Hosmer, _The
Louisiana Purchase_ (1902), contain brief accounts of the
acquisition of the province. The actual route of the Lewis and
Clark expedition may be traced with the aid of O. D. Wheeler, _The
Trail of Lewis and Clark_, 1804-1904 (1904). The constitutional
aspects of the Louisiana Treaty and the subsequent legislation for
the territory are discussed at length by Adams, and less
satisfactorily by Schouler and Von Holst. Channing, _The
Jeffersonian System, 1801-1811_ (1906), contains a good account of
the whole episode. The problem of the original boundaries is
discussed by F. E. Chadwick, _The Relations of the United States
and Spain_(1909).

CHAPTER IX

FACTION AND CONSPIRACY

Down to the end of the eighteenth century, the people of New England
possessed a greater degree of social solidarity than any other section
of the Union. Descended from English stock, imbued with common religious
and political traditions, and bound together by the ties of a common
ecclesiastical polity, they cherished, as Jefferson expressed it, "a
sort of family pride" which existed nowhere else between people of
different States. In New England, there were elements of political and
religious dissent, to be sure, but the domination of the Congregational
clergy and the magistracy was hardly less complete in the year 1800 than
fifty years earlier. New England was governed by "the wise, the good,
and the rich." All the forces of education, property, religion, and
respectability were united in the maintenance of the established order
against the assaults of democracy. New England Federalism was not so
much a body of political doctrines as a state of mind. Abhorrence of the
forces liberated by the French Revolution was perhaps the dominating
emotion. Democracy seemed an aberration of the human mind, which was
bound everywhere to produce the same results in society. Jacobinism was
the inevitable outcome. "The principles of democracy are everywhere what
they have been in France," wrote Ames. "Democracy is a troubled spirit,
fated never to rest, and whose drea