prepared for devotion
without such incentives. Thus the Psalmist says: _My heart hath said to
Thee, My face hath sought Thee[200];_ and of Anna we are told that _she
spoke within her heart_.[201]

And secondly, we make use of vocal prayer in payment, as it were, of a
just debt--in order, that is, to serve God with the entirety of what we
have received from Him; consequently not with our mind alone but with
our body as well; and this, as the Prophet Osee says, is especially
suitable to prayer considered as a satisfaction for our sins: _Take away
all iniquity and receive the good, and we will render the calves of our
lips_.[202]

And thirdly, we sometimes make use of vocal prayer because the soul
overflows, as it were, on to the body by reason of the vehemence of our
feelings, as it is written: _My heart hath been glad, and my tongue hath
rejoiced_.[203]

But it seems to some that prayer should not be vocal, thus:

1. Prayer is, as we have said, principally directed to God, and God
knows the heart's speech. Consequently to add vocal prayer is idle.

But vocal prayer is not employed in order to manifest to God
something which He did not know, but to stir up the mind of him
who prays, and of others, too, towards God.

2. Again, man's mind is meant to rise by prayer towards God; but words,
and other things pertaining to the senses, keep back a man from the
ascent of contemplation.

Words appertaining to other things than God do indeed distract
the mind and hinder the devotion of him who prays; but
devotional words stir up the mind, especially if it be less
devout.

3. Lastly, prayer ought to be offered to God in secret, according to the
words: _But thou when thou shalt pray, enter into thy chamber, and
having shut the door, pray to thy Father in secret_;[204] whereas to
pray vocally means to publish it abroad.

But, as S. Chrysostom says[205]: "The Lord forbade us to pray in
public with a view to being seen by the public. Consequently,
when we pray we should do nothing novel to attract men's
attention, whether by uttering cries which may be heard by them,
or by openly beating our breasts, or by spreading out our hands,
for the crowd to see us." While, on the other hand, as S.
Augustine remarks[206]: "To be seen by men is not wrong, but to
do things to be seen by men."

* * * * *

_Cajetan:_ Note carefully, ye who murmur